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- PENAL PROVISIONS UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013
- Kapil Nimesh
September 18, 2026
PENAL PROVISIONS UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013
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This reference outlines the penal framework under Chapter XXIX (Sections 447–470) of the Companies Act, 2013, governing corporate defaults, statutory misrepresentations, and fraud. It details severe criminal sanctions—such as punishment for fraud (Section 447) and false statements (Section 448)—alongside residual penalties (Section 450) and the adjudication mechanism (Section 454). It serves as a vital guide for compliance professionals to evaluate legal risks, differentiate civil penalties from criminal offenses, and avoid corporate liabilities.
PENAL PROVISIONS UNDER CHAPTER XXIX (MISCELLANEOUS) OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013
Companies have a moral responsibility towards the society in the pursuit of their growth and development. The stakeholders of the Company expect a responsible behaviour from it in terms of compliance with laws applicable to it and also expect it to make disclosures as required by law. The Companies Act 2013 lays down various punishments for non-compliance with the Act and corresponding rules -be it on the directors, employees or even on the company itself. The provisions that specify punishments under the Act are mentioned below:
|
S.no. |
Section |
Matters |
Fines/ Penalties/Prosecutions |
|
1. |
Section 447 |
Without prejudice to any liability including repayment of any debt under this Act or any other law for the time being in force, any person who is found to be guilty of fraud involving an amount of at least ten lakh rupees or one per cent. of the turnover of the company, whichever is lower |
Imprisonment of six months to ten years and Fine of amount involved in the fraud, up to three times the amount involved in the fraud: [Provided that where the fraud in question involves public interest, the term of imprisonment shall not be less than three years.] |
|
2. |
Section 448 |
Save as otherwise provided in this Act, if in any return, report, certificate, financial statement, prospectus, statement or other document required by, or for, the purposes of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, any person makes a statement, — (a) which is false in any material particulars, knowing it to be false; or (b) which omits any material fact, knowing it to be material |
The person shall be liable under Section 447. |
|
3. |
Section 449 |
Save as otherwise provided in this Act, if any person intentionally gives false evidence- (a) upon any examination on oath or solemn affirmation, authorised under this Act; or (b) in any affidavit, deposition or solemn affirmation, in or about the winding up of any company under this Act, or otherwise in or about any matter arising under this Act |
The person shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees. |
|
4. |
Section 450 |
If a company or any officer of a company or any other person contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, or any condition, limitation or restriction subject to which any approval, sanction, consent, confirmation, recognition, direction or exemption in relation to any matter has been accorded, given or granted, and for which no penalty or punishment is provided elsewhere in this Act |
For company and every officer in default of the company ten thousand rupees, and in case of continuing contravention, one thousand rupees for each day up to two lakh rupees in case of a company and fifty thousand rupees in case of an officer in default or any other person. |
|
5. |
Section 451 |
If a company or an officer of a company commits an offence punishable either with fine or with imprisonment and where the same offence is committed for the second or subsequent occasions within a period of three years, then |
That company and every officer thereof who is in default shall be punishable with twice the amount of fine for such offence in addition to any 13 imprisonment provided for that offence. |
|
6. |
Section 452(1) |
If any officer or employee of a company— (a) wrongfully obtains possession of any property, including cash of the company; or 223 (b) having any such property including cash in his possession, wrongfully withholds it or knowingly applies it for the purposes other than those expressed or directed in the articles and authorised by this Act |
He shall, on the complaint of the company or of any member or creditor or contributory thereof, be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees. |
|
Section 452(2) |
Punishment for withholding of property |
The Court trying an offence under sub section (1) may also order such officer or employee to deliver up or refund, within a time to be fixed by it, any such property or cash wrongfully obtained or wrongfully withheld or knowingly misappliedThe benefits that have been derived from such property or cash or in default, to undergo imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years. |
|
|
7. |
Section 453 |
If any person or persons trade or carry on business under any name or title, of which the word ―Limited or the words ―Private Limited or any contraction or imitation thereof is or are the last word or words, that person or each of those persons shall, unless duly incorporated with limited liability, or unless duly incorporated as a private company with limited liability, as the case may be |
Shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than five hundred rupees but may extend to two thousand rupees for every day for which that name or title has been used. |
|
8. |
Section 454(8)(i) |
Where company fails to comply with the order made under sub-section (3) or sub-section (7) of sec 454, as the case may be within a period of ninety days from the date of the receipt of the copy of the order |
The company shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five thousand rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees. |
|
Section 454(8)(ii) |
Where an officer of a company or any other person who is in default does not pay the penalty within a period of ninety days from the date of the receipt of the copy of the order |
Such officer shall be punishable with imprisonment up to six months or fineof twenty-five thousand rupees to one lakh rupees, or with both. |
|
|
9. |
Section 454A |
Where a company or an officer of a company or any other person having already been subjected to penalty for default under any provisions of this Act, again commits such default within a period of three years from the date of order imposing such penalty passed by the adjudicating officer or the Regional Director, as the case may be, |
it or he shall be liable for the second or subsequent defaults for an amount equal to twice the amount of penalty provided for such default under the relevant provisions of this Act. |
Author Bio
Kapil Nimesh
I am a Company Secretary Professional student and B.Com graduate with a strong interest in corporate laws, governance, and regulatory advisory. Currently undergoing pract... View Full Profile


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